Tonton Macoute – Slurry Pump EMM – Slurry Pump EHR manufacturer
Origin of the name
The name Tonton Macoute (translates as “Uncle Gunnysack”) originated from Haitian Creole mythology. It was the name of a bogeyman who walked the streets after dark, and would kidnap children who stayed out too late. He stowed them away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again.
Duvalier employed the Tonton Macoutes in a reign of terror against any opponents, including those who proposed progressive social systems. Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear at night, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. They were never seen again. They were believed to have been abducted and killed by the MSVN, who were called the Tonton Macoutes as a result. Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. Their unrestrained terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership.
Franois Duvalier
Franois Duvalier (better known as “Papa Doc”) came to power in 1957, as a democratically elected leader on a populist platform. He had previously served as Minister of Health, where he led a campaign against the widespread eye disease of yaws among the poor.
After an attempted coup against him in 1958, Duvalier disbanded the army and all law enforcement agencies in Haiti. He executed all high-ranking generals. To keep law enforcement completely loyal to him and his dynasty, in 1959 Duvalier created a private security force, the Tonton Macoutes. He granted them automatic amnesty for any crime they committed.
The Tonton Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a blatantly rigged 1961 “election” in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a blatantly rigged referendum that declared him President for Life.
The VSN were led by Duvalier’s second-in-command, Luckner Cambronne. After Duvalier’s death, he was ordered into exile by Duvalier’s widow, Simone, and son. Cambronne left Haiti in 1971 for Miami, Florida, where he died on 20 September 2006, in Miami, Florida at the age of 77.
After his father’s death, the younger Duvalier continued using the Tonton Macoutes as his personal army to maintain power until he was driven into exile in 1986.
Cultural references
In the film The Serpent and the Rainbow, an American scientist investigating the world of Haitian Vodou comes into conflict with the chief of the Tonton Macoute, who is also a bokor.
Graham Greene’s novel The Comedians (1966) tells the story of a sardonic white hotel owner as he watches Haiti sink into barbarism under the Tonton Macoute.
The film The Comedians (1967), based on the Graham Greene novel of the same name.
Don Byron mentions the Tonton Macoute while describing Haitian immigrant Abner Louima’s brutal interrogation by the N.Y.C. police in his song Morning 98 (Blinky) from the 1998 album Nu Blaxploitation.
Robert Plant mentions the Tonton Macoute in his song “Heaven Knows” from the 1988 album, Now and Zen.
James Kelman mentions the Tonton Macoute in his novel, A Disaffection, p.178.
Issues 35 and 36 of the Heroes online graphic novel (It Takes a Village, Parts 1 and 2) contain the Haitian’s back story
Sy Montgomery mentions the Tonton Macoute in her novel, The Good Good Pig, p. 10.
In Edwidge Danticat’s books, The Dew Breaker and Brother, I’m Dying, the terrorism of the Tonton Macoutes make up major themes in the stories. The terrorism of the “macoutes” is also a topic in her shortstory Children of the Sea.
In his show, Part Troll, English comedian Bill Bailey refers to the Tonton Macoute machete maintenance class.
Alice Donut mentions the Tonton Macoute in the song “Testosterone Gone Wild”, on the 1989 album Bucketfuls of Sickness and Horror in an Otherwise Meaningless Life
Ton-Ton Macoute! is the name of Johnny Jenkins’ 1970 album.
In Amiri Baraka’s poem, “Fresh Zombies.”
Ton Ton Macoute was an Irish band of the mid-80s.
Arkady and Boris Strugatsky’s Novel Definitely Maybe – compares a police officer to the Tonton Macoute.
See also
Boubou Macoutes
Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale similar fascist Italian paramilitary force
References
^ “Luckner Cambronne”, Obituary, Miami Herald
External links
Tonton Macoute Militia, photos, Latin American Studies
William Steif, “Revenge of the Tonton Macoute – Haitian terrorism”, The Progressive, May 1993
26 Anniversary of the VSN, YouTube
Categories: History of Haiti | Irregular military | Human rights in Haiti | Defunct law enforcement agencies of HaitiHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2010 | All articles needing additional references
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