Potassium bromide – china car wash wax – train wash machine
Chemical properties
Potassium bromide is a typical ionic salt which is fully dissociated and near pH 7 in aqueous solution. It serves as a source of bromide ions- this reaction is important for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film:
KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgBr(s) + KNO3(aq)
Aqueous bromide Br- will also form complexes when reacted with some metal halides such as copper(II) bromide:
2 KBr(aq) + CuBr2(aq) K2[CuBr4](aq)
Preparation
A traditional method for the manufacture of KBr is the reaction of potassium carbonate with a bromide of iron, Fe3Br8, made by treating scrap iron under water with excess bromine:[citation needed]
4 K2CO3 + Fe3Br8 8 KBr + Fe3O4 + 4 CO2
Applications
Medical and Veterinary
The anticonvulsant properties of potassium bromide were first noted by Sir Charles Locock at a meeting of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1857. Bromide can be regarded as the first effective medication for epilepsy. At the time, it was commonly thought that epilepsy was caused by masturbation. Locock noted that bromide calmed sexual excitement and thought this was responsible for his success in treating seizures. In the latter half of the 19th century, potassium bromide was used for the calming of seizure and nervous disorders on an enormous scale, with the use by single hospitals being as much a several tons a year (the dose for a given person being a few grams per day). .
There would not be a better drug for epilepsy until phenobarbital in 1912. It was often said the British Army laced the soldiers’ tea with bromide to quell sexual arousal, however because doing so would also diminish alertness in battle it is likely to be an urban legend and similar stories were also told about a number of substances.
Potassium bromide is used to treat epilepsy in dogs, either as first-line treatment or in addition to phenobarbital when the seizures are not adequately controlled with phenobarbital alone. Use of bromide in cats is limited because it carries a substantial risk of causing lung inflammation (pneumonitis) in this species.
Potassium bromide is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans to control seizures. In Germany it continues to be approved for use as an antiepileptic drug for humans, particularly children and adolescents. These indications include severe forms of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, early-childhood-related Grand-Mal-seizures, and also severe myoclonic seizures during childhood. Adults who have reacted positively to the drug during childhood/adolescence may continue treatment. KBr is sold under the brand name Dibro-Be mono (RX-only). The drug has almost complete bioavailability, but the bromide ion has a relatively long half-life of 12 days in the blood , making bromide salts difficult to adjust and dose. Bromide is not known to interfere with the absorption or excretion of any other anticonvulsant, though it does have strong interactions with chloride in the body, the normal body uptake and excretion of which strongly influences bromide’s excretion. .
The therapeutic index (ratio of effectiveness to toxicity) is very small for bromide. As with other antiepileptics, sometimes even therapeutic doses (3 to 5 grams per day, taking 6 to 8 weeks to reach stable levels) may give rise to intoxication. Often indistinguishable from ‘expected’ side-effects, these include:
Loss of appetite, nausea/emesis, lethargy, propensity to sleep during the daytime, depression, loss of concentration and memory, confusion, headache, and
Bromism (central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, psychoses)
Acne-form dermatitis and other forms of skin disease may also be seen, as well as mucous hypersecretion in the lungs. Asthma and rhinitis may worsen. Rarely, tongue disorder, aphten, bad breath, and obstipation occur.
Optics
KBr is transparent from the near ultraviolet to long wave infrared wavelengths (0.25-25 m). KBr has no significant optical absorption lines in its high transmission region. It is used for optical windows and prisms. It must be kept in a dry environment due to high solubility and hygroscopic nature. The refractive index is about 1.55 at 1.0 m.
In infrared spectroscopy, samples are analyzed by grinding with KBr powder, and pressing into a disc. Alternatively, the samples may be analyzed as a liquid film (neat, as a solution, or in a mull with Nujol) between two polished KBr discs.
References
^ Goodman and Gilman, The Biological Basis of Therapeutics, Fourth Edition, Chapter 10 (Hypnotics and Sedatives), p. 121, The MacMillan Co., London, 1970.
^ Goodman and Gilman, op, cite, p 121
^ Barbara Mikkelson (2 Auust 2007). “The Saltpeter Principle”. Snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/military/saltpeter.asp.
^ Goodman and Gilman, op cite, p 121
^ Goodman and Gillman, op. cite, pg. 122
^ W. Reusch. “Infrared Spectroscopy”. VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
External links
Broken link – Veterinary use note at Auburn University
Pesticide information
v d e
Potassium compounds
KBr KBrO3 KCN KCNO KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KH KHCO2 KHCO3 KHF2 KHSO3 KHSO4 KH2AsO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOCN KOH KO2 KPF6 KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2FeO4 K2MnO4 K2O K2O2 K2PtCl4 K2PtCl6 K2S K2SO3 K2SO4 K2SO5 K2S2O5 K2S2O7 K2S2O8 K2SiO3 K3[Fe(CN)6] K3[Fe(C2O4)3] K4[Fe(CN)6] K3PO4 K4MnO4 K4Mo2Cl8
Categories: Potassium compounds | Bromides | Sedatives | Anticonvulsants | Pesticides | Optical materials | Photographic chemicals | Metal halidesHidden categories: Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007
The e-commerce company in China offers quality products such as china car wash wax , train wash machine, and more. For more , please visit car wash today!
Processing your request, Please wait....
