Stoat
Natural history
The stoat or ermine can be found almost everywhere throughout the northern temperate, subarctic and Arctic regions, of Europe, Asia, and North America. In an unsuccessful attempt to control the rabbit population, it was introduced into New Zealand. The animals are largely nocturnal or crepuscular but will sometimes come out during the day.
Physical description
The stoat is a member of the family Mustelidae, one of the families with the most species in the order Carnivora. The Mustelidae also includes other weasels, mink, otters, ferret, badgers, polecats, the wolverine, martens, the tayra, the fisher and in some taxonomical classifications skunks.
The stoat moves in a sinuous manner when pursuing its prey. It is extremely quick over the ground considering its small size, and is also a strong swimmer that is able to colonize offshore islands. The stoat is built long and slender, making it one of the few species able to follow burrowing animals into their own homes. It partly compensates for this shape by having short legs, small ears, a fast metabolism and, in winter, thick fur. Stoats may grow up to 30 cm long, with males much larger than the females. In most areas it coexists with the weasel (Mustela nivalis, also known as the Least Weasel), the smallest member of order Carnivora. Where the weasel is absent the stoat is smaller (~70 g).
The stoat’s coat is a rich red-brown with tan or off-white belly; the tail has a conspicuous black tip. In winter, the coat is thicker, and in warmer areas it remains brown. However, in regions that experience an inch or more of snow for at least forty days of the year (such as in Armenia), the color changes to white, although the black tip to the tail remains. This white fur is known as “ermine”, a term originating either from the Latin phrase “Armenius ms” (“Armenian mouse”) or from a word common to the Germanic and Baltic languages, hence the scientific name. At this stage, where the animal is known as a “stoat”, it may be referred to as ermine, or as being “in ermine”. The winter ermine has been used in art as a symbol of purity or virginity. The white fur was highly prized, and used in the robes of the Lord Chief Justice of England. The furs would be sewn together, the tail-tips making a pattern of black dots on a white ground. A version of this pattern is used in heraldry as ermine tincture. Both the animal and the heraldic tincture are symbols of Brittany.
In all seasons the stoat has a black tip to its tail. The black tip probably serves as a decoy to predators, which would include almost any carnivore large enough to eat a stoat (e.g. wolves, foxes, wolverines, and some birds of prey). This kind of coat is very similar to the coat of the long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), a related animal of about the same size which also moults into white in the northern part of its range, and it is easy to confuse these kinds of weasels. The alternative North American name for the stoat, the “Short-tailed weasel” arose because its tail length distinguishes it from the long-tailed weasel. In general it is found farther north. Both species can be distinguished from the weasel[clarification needed] because the weasel lacks a black tip on its tail.
Geographical range
The stoat is native to the area between the 40th parallel (north) and the beginning of the Arctic Circle, which encompasses most of northern Eurasia and North America.
Stoats have been introduced to New Zealand and Australia to control a rabbit overpopulation but found the indigenous wildlife easier to catch, thus leaving the rabbit problem unsolved. They were also brought to Terschelling Island to control water voles (Arvicola terrestris). Ermines can swim up to 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) across seawater and have already reached several New Zealand offshore islands unaided. Programmes are currently underway to eradicate stoats from many islands in the Fiordland region of New Zealand by the Department of Conservation.
Diet
The stoat is a carnivore. It eats insects, small mammals up to the size of a rabbit, birds and their eggs and young. It also eats small reptiles and fish. It is a very skillful tree climber and can descend a trunk headfirst, like a squirrel. The stoat is capable of killing animals much larger than itself. When it is able to obtain more meat than it can eat it will engage in “surplus killing” and often stores the extra food for later. When this is the case, it will often kill by breaking the prey’s neck without marking the body, presumably so its cache does not spoil easily.
It is widely believed that stoats can “transfix” rabbits by exhibiting a tumbling routine akin to a dance, rendering the rabbit hypnotised such that it fails to notice the stoat approach within striking distance.[citation needed] However, this is almost certainly a myth; video footage of stoats hunting rabbits instead show the stoat chasing the rabbit until it is exhausted before overpowering it.
Like other mustelids it typically dispatches its prey by biting into the base of the skull to get at the centres of the brain responsible for such important biological functions as breathing. Sometimes it will also make preliminary bites to other areas of the body. In most areas in which the stoat and the least weasel co-exist, the weasel generally takes smaller prey and the stoat slightly larger prey. The larger male stoat generally takes larger prey than the female. Commonly, the stoat itself falls prey to animals such as the wolf, fox, coyote, domestic cat or badger.
Reproduction
Young Mustela erminea
The stoat is territorial and intolerant of others in its range, especially others of the same sex. Within its range, it typically uses several dens, often taken from prey species. It usually travels alone, except when it is mating or is a mother with older offspring. It breeds once a year, producing several young kits (or kittens) per litter, and its mating system is promiscuous. Copulation occurs during the mating season with multiple partners and is often forced by the male, who does not help raise the offspring. Sometimes it occurs when the female is so young that she has not even left the den. In spite of being such a small animal, the stoat’s gestation is among the longest reported for mammals (11 months) because of the adaptation of delayed implantation, or embryonic diapause, in which a fertilized egg is not implanted in the uterus until months later. The animal’s “real” gestation is much shorter. This is presumably an adaptation to the highly seasonal environment in which the stoat lives.
Senses and behavior
Communication (and also location of prey) occurs largely by scent, since the stoat has a sensitive olfactory system. As a result, much of this communication is missed by human observers. However, stoats are believed to identify females in estrus by scent, and also the sex, health and age of prey. Some kinds of rodents such as voles have counter-adapted by being able to shut down reproduction (which makes females slower and easier to catch) if they smell the odor of mustelids. The stoat’s visual resolution is lower than that of humans and color vision is poor although night vision is superior. Like most other non-primate mammals they have dichromatic colour vision (they can distinguish long from short wavelengths of light, but cannot make distinctions of hue within those bands). Tactile information is conferred by the vibrissae, or whiskers. When alarmed, a stoat can release a powerful musky smell from glands near its anus.
Subspecies
Stuffed stoat in Bristol City Museum, Bristol, England. The stoat is distinguished from the Least weasel by its larger size and black tip to the tail.
Mustela erminea
Yellow-necked ermine Mustela erminea ? Range: Northern Shaanxi, China
Mustela erminea alascensis
Mustela erminea algiricus
Mustela erminea anguinae
Mustela erminea angustidens
Mustela erminea arctica
Mustela erminea audax
Mustela erminea bangsi
Mustela erminea celenda
Mustela erminea fallenda
Mustela erminea ferghanae
Mustela erminea gulosa
Ermine haidarum Mustela erminea haidarum Range: Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada
Mustela erminea herminea
Mustela erminea hibernica (Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton) Range: Ireland, Isle of Man
Mustela erminea imperii
Mustela erminea initis
Mustela erminea invicta
Mustela erminea kadiacensis
Mustela erminea kanei
Mustela erminea labiata
Mustela erminea leptus
Mustela erminea lymani
Mustela erminea microtis
Mustela erminea mortigena
Ermine weasel Mustela erminea muricus
Hondo stoat Mustela erminea nippon Range: Central and northern Honsh, Japan
Olympic ermine Mustela erminea olympica Range: Olympic Peninsula, Washington
Ezo Stoat Mustela erminea orientalis Range: Hokkaid, Japan; Japanese: ezo-itachi “Ezo weasel”, okojo “stoat/weasel”, shiro-ten “white marten”
Mustela erminea polaris
Mustela erminea pusilla
Mustela erminea richardsonii
Mustela erminea rixosa
Mustela erminea salva
Mustela erminea seclusa
Mustela erminea semplei
Mustela erminea streatori
Mustela erminea vulgaris
Mustela erminea whiteheadi
Ermine and the nobility
Elizabeth I of England, he Virgin Queen painted with an ermine on her arm. In this painting the ermine has, unnaturally, black spots over its entire body.
The skins of ermine are prized by the fur trade, especially in winter coat, and used to trim coats and stoles. The fur from the winter coat is referred to as ermine. There is also a design, also called ermine, which is inspired by the winter coat of the stoat but which is painted onto other furs, such as rabbit. In Europe these furs are a symbol of royalty; the ceremonial robes of members of the UK House of Lords are trimmed with ermine. The ermine is also considered a symbol of purity in Europe. In the Renaissance era, legend had it that an ermine would die before allowing its pure white coat to be besmirched. When it was being chased by hunters, it would supposedly turn around and give itself up to the hunters rather than risk soiling itself. Cecilia Gallerani is depicted holding an ermine in her portrait, “Lady with an Ermine”. Henry Peacham’s Emblem 75, which depicts an ermine being pursued by a hunter and two hounds, is entitled “Cui candor morte redemptus” or “Purity bought with his own death.” Peacham goes on to preach that men and women should follow the example of the ermine and keep their minds and consciences as pure as the legendary ermine keeps its fur. In some Nordic countries the ermine is invoked as a symbol of curiosity and timely action. In some areas of Japan, because of its appearance and somewhat elusive nature it is still considered a symbol of good luck.
Gallery
Painting of “Putorius erminea” (Mustela erminea)
Tracks on snow
Stoat in a tree
See also
Stoats in New Zealand
References
^ Reid, F. & Helgen, K. (2008). Mustela erminea. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
^ Christopher J. Walker, “Armenia: Survival of a Nation,” London, 1990.
^ ermine – Definitions from Dictionary.com.
^ Indo-European etymology : List with all references.
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Stoat
^ Hondo Stoat. Japan’s #1 Animal Blog, June 6, 2007. Accessed July 8, 2009.
^ Hondo Stoat. Rare Animals Of Japan. Accessed July 8, 2009.
^ a b “A house of traditions”. January 19, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/01/99/lords_reform/235653.stm.
^ The Minerva Britanna Project
Further reading
Buckley, D.J., Sleeman, D.P. and Murphy, J. 2007. Feral ferrets Mustela putorius furo L. in Ireland. Ir. Nat. L. 28:356360.
King, Carolyn. The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats. London: A & C Black, 1987. ISBN 0-7470-1800-6.
Molinia F.; La Falci S.; Myers V.; McLane D. (2007). Non-invasive monitoring of stoat reproductive hormones. Science for Conservation 276. p 24. Department of Conservation, New Zealand.
O’Connor C.; Turner J.; Scobie S.; Duckworth J.D. (2006). Stoat reproductive biology. Science for Conservation 268. p 24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mustela erminea
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ermine (clothing)
Wikispecies has information related to: Mustela erminea
ARKive
Mustela erminea taxonomy
Stoat control information
Stoat ‘playing'(?) in snow
Fiordland Islands NZ stoat eradication
BBC Wildlife finder including video footage and sound files
v d e
Extant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder Feliformia
Nandiniidae
Template:Navbox subgroupes
Herpestidae
(Mongooses)
Atilax
Marsh Mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed Mongoose (B. crassicauda} Jackson’s Mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed Mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
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Galerella
Angolan Slender Mongoose (G. flavescens) Somalian Slender Mongoose (G. ochracea) Cape Gray Mongoose (G. pulverulenta) Slender Mongoose (G. sanguinea)
Helogale
Ethiopian Dwarf Mongoose (H. hirtula) Common Dwarf Mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Short-tailed Mongoose (H. brachyurus) Indian Gray Mongoose (H. edwardsii) Indian Brown Mongoose (H. fuscus) Egyptian Mongoose (H. ichneumon) Small Asian Mongoose (H. javanicus) Long-nosed Mongoose (H. naso) Collared Mongoose (H. semitorquatus) Ruddy Mongoose (H. smithii) Crab-eating Mongoose (H. urva) Stripe-necked Mongoose (H. vitticollis)
Ichneumia
White-tailed Mongoose (I. albicauda)
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Liberian Mongoose (L. kuhni)
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Leopardus
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Leptailurus
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Prionailurus
Leopard Cat (P. bengalensis) Iriomote Cat (P. iriomotensis) Flat-headed Cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted Cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing Cat (P. viverrinus)
Profelis
African Golden Cat (P. aurata)
Puma
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Pantherinae
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Snow Leopard (U. uncia)
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Small-toothed Palm Civet (A. trivirgata)
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Paradoxurus
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Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Owston’s Palm Civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter Civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose’s Palm Civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded Palm Civet (H. derbyanus)
Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
Prionodon
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Viverrinae
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African Civet (C. civetta)
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(Genets)
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Poiana
Leighton’s Linsang (P. leightoni) African Linsang (P. richardsonii)
Viverra
Malabar Large-spotted Civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted Civet (V. megaspila) Malayan Civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian Civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian Civet (V. indica)
Family Eupleridae
Euplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Falanouc (E. goudotii)
Fossa
Malagasy Civet (F. fossana)
Galidiinae
Galidia
Ring-tailed Mongoose (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy Mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier’s Mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped Mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed Mongoose (S. concolor)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)
Ursidae
(Bears)
Ailuropoda
Giant Panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun Bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
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American Black Bear (U. americanus) Brown Bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian Black Bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae
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(Hog-nosed
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Mephitis
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Mydaus
Sunda Stink Badger (M. javanensis) Palawan Stink Badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale
(Spotted skunks)
Southern Spotted Skunk (S. angustifrons) Western Spotted Skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern Spotted Skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy Spotted Skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae
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(Olingos)
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Bassariscus
Ring-tailed Cat (B. astutus) Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua
(Coatis inclusive)
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Nasuella
(Coatis inclusive)
Mountain Coati (N. olivacea)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating Raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel Raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
Ailuridae
Ailurus
Red Panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)
Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Arctocephalus
South American Fur Seal (A. australis) Australasian Fur Seal (A. forsteri) Galpagos Fur Seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic Fur Seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernndez Fur Seal (A. philippii) Brown Fur Seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe Fur Seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic Fur Seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern Fur Seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller Sea Lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian Sea Lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American Sea Lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand Sea Lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California Sea Lion (Z. californianus) Galpagos Sea Lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)
Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Cystophora
Hooded Seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded Seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Gray Seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon Seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard Seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell Seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater Seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga
(Elephant seals)
Northern Elephant Seal (M. angustirostris) Southern Elephant Seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean Monk Seal (M. monachus) Hawaiian Monk Seal (M. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross Seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp Seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted Seal (P. largha) Harbor Seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian Seal (P. caspica) Ringed Seal (P. hispida) Baikal Seal (P. sibirica)
Canidae
Large family listed below
Mustelidae
Large family listed below
Family Canidae
Atelocynus
Short-eared Dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Side-striped Jackal (C. adustus) Golden Jackal (C. aureus) Coyote (C. latrans) Gray Wolf (C. lupus) Dog (C. lupus familiaris) Black-backed Jackal (C. mesomelas) Ethiopian Wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating Fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned Wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin’s Fox (L. fulvipes) South American Gray Fox (L. griseus) Pampas Fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran Fox (L. sechurae) Hoary Fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African Wild Dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Raccoon Dog (N. procyonoides)
Otocyon
Bat-eared Fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush Dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray Fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island Fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes
Bengal Fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford’s Fox (V. cana) Cape Fox (V. chama) Corsac Fox (V. corsac) Tibetan Sand Fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic Fox (V. lagopus) Kit Fox (V. macrotis) Pale Fox (V. pallida) Rppell’s Fox (V. rueppelli) Swift Fox (V. velox) Red Fox (V. vulpes) Fennec Fox (V. zerda)
Family Mustelidae
Lutrinae
(Otters)
Aonyx
African Clawless Otter (A. capensis) Oriental Small-clawed Otter (A. cinerea)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked Otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American River Otter (L. canadensis) Marine Otter (L. felina) Neotropical Otter (L. longicaudis) Southern River Otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
European Otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed Otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated Otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant Otter (P. brasiliensis)
Mustelinae
(including Badgers)
Arctonyx
Hog Badger (A. collaris)
Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Galictis
Lesser Grison (G. cuja) Greater Grison (G. vittata)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Ictonyx
Saharan Striped Polecat (I. libyca) Striped Polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian Weasel (L. patagonicus)
Martes
(Martens)
American Marten (M. americana) Yellow-throated Marten (M. flavigula) Beech Marten (M. foina) Nilgiri Marten (M. gwatkinsii) European Pine Marten (M. martes) Japanese Marten (M. melampus) Fisher (M. pennanti) Sable (M. zibellina)
Meles
Japanese Badger (M. anakuma) Asian Badger (M. leucurus) European Badger (M. meles)
Mellivora
Honey Badger (M. capensis)
Melogale
(Ferret-badgers)
Bornean Ferret-badger (M. everetti) Chinese Ferret-badger (M. moschata) Javan Ferret-badger (M. orientalis) Burmese Ferret-badger (M. personata)
Mustela
(Weasels)
Amazon Weasel (M. africana) Mountain Weasel (M. altaica) Ermine (M. erminea) Steppe Polecat (M. eversmannii) Colombian Weasel (M. felipei) Long-tailed Weasel (M. frenata) Japanese Weasel (M. itatsi) Yellow-bellied Weasel (M. kathiah) European Mink (M. lutreola) Indonesian Mountain Weasel (M. lutreolina) Black-footed Ferret (M. nigripes) Least Weasel (M. nivalis) Malayan Weasel (M. nudipes) European Polecat (M. putorius) Siberian Weasel (M. sibirica) Back-striped Weasel (M. strigidorsa) Egyptian Weasel (M. subpalmata)
Neovison
(Minks)
American Mink (N. vison)
Poecilogale
African Striped Weasel (P. albinucha)
Taxidea
American Badger (T. taxus)
Vormela
Marbled Polecat (V. peregusna)
Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species | Weasels | Arctic land animals | Fauna of the Arctic | Mammals of Canada | Mammals of the United States | Invasive animal species | Mammals of Asia | Mammals of Europe | Fauna of Finland | Fauna of the United Kingdom | Mammals | CarnivoresHidden categories: All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009
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