Moore's Law, who led after the era of the chip industry – 940nm diode laser
In Moore's Law under the guidance of IC production is approaching the limit laws of physics, the chip industry, an urgent need for alternative technologies. Currently under development, the new chip in production technology – molecular computing, biological computing, quantum computing, graphene and other technologies, who will ultimately win?
In 1965, the chip industry pioneer GordonMoore released the name of Moore's Law: IC chip complexity will double every two years. After several decades, under the guidance of the law in the chip manufacturing technology for chips to be shrinking transistor size, so that electric signal transmission distance even shorter, faster processing speeds.
On the electronics industry and consumers, Moore's Law means that the size of the computer class equipment will become smaller, faster and lower cost. Of course, all this thanks to persistent semiconductor design and manufacturing innovations, 35 years, chip in, as always, follow this path. But engineers are also aware that Moore's Law will eventually fall into an impasse at some point, because the transistor will become only a few dozen atoms thick. Such a small size is approaching the limits of basic physical laws, in fact approaching the limit in Qian had already seen two very practical question: Given the small size of the transistors so want to close to together, but also access to high-yield (chips of acceptable quality, rather than a defective chip), the cost becomes too high; while on the other hand, a lot of transistors for switching operation, the heat will rise rapidly enough to burn components themselves.
Indeed, these issues a few years ago has begun to show up. Now widely used general personal computer "dual core" chips – means using two small processors, rather than a processor, the design of a very major reason is that, if the required number of transistors into a chip package on and address the heat problem has become difficult. Chip designers and instead choose to place two or more blocks side by side, chips, and they are programmed for parallel processing of information.
Moore's Law may eventually come to an end. If that were the case, then, engineers how to create more powerful chips do? Switch to the new structure, or R & D can be by-atom assembly of nano materials researchers are studying the two approaches. Other approaches include quantum computing and biological computing. The following will introduce some technical, some of which is still in the prototype stage. Over the next 20 years, these technologies are expected to let the computer continue to follow the "smaller, faster, lower cost," this path forward.
Cooling: development of new radiator because the number of transistors on a chip up to one billion, the transistor during the switching operation to eliminate the heat generated is a major challenge. Although the personal computer which has space for fans, but even so, each chip is about 100 watts of power already is the thermal limit. To this end researchers have begun to design some new alternative technologies. MacBookAir heat conduction by the notebook into a beautiful aluminum case, and act as a radiator. Apple PowerMacG5 personal computers, liquid (water) from the following micro-processor chip to heat flow through the channel.
However, liquids and electronic devices is an unreliable combination, such as smart phones, portable devices smaller is no place to accommodate the pipe or fan. Intel's research group has a layer of bismuth telluride thin film superlattice chip packaging body to do. Thermoelectric materials, the temperature gradient into electrical signals, the chip itself actually played a cooling effect.
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