Coevolution – EUS-1001 Tester manufacturer – china CPR-1000 Current Probe Reader
Models
Coevolution branching strategies for asexual population dynamics in limited resource environments have been modeled using the generalized Lotkaolterra equations
Specific examples
Hummingbirds and ornithophilous flowers
Hummingbirds and ornithophilous flowers have evolved to form a mutualistic relationship. It is prevalent in the bird biology as well as in the flower. Hummingbird flowers have nectar chemistry associated with the bird diet. Their color and morphology also coincide with the bird vision and morphology. The blooming times of these ornithophilous flowers have also been found to coincide with hummingbirds’ breeding seasons.
Flowers have converged to take advantage of similar birds. Flowers compete for pollinators and adaptations reduce deleterious effects of this competition. Bird-pollinated flowers usually show higher nectar volumes and sugar production. This reflects high energy requirements of the birds. Energetic criteria are the most important determinants of flower choice by birds. Following their respective breeding seasons, several species of hummingbirds co-occur in North America, and several hummingbird flowers bloom simultaneously in these habitats. These flowers seem to have converged to a common morphology and color. Different lengths and curvatures of the corolla tubes can affect the efficiency of extraction in hummingbird species in relation to differences in bill morphology. Tubular flowers force a bird to orient its bill in a particular way when probing the flower, especially when the bill and corolla are both curved; this also allows the plant to place pollen on a certain part of the bird body. This opens the door for a variety of morphological co-adaptations.
An important requisite for attraction is conspicuousness to birds, which reflects the properties of avian vision and habitat features. Birds have their greatest spectral sensitivity and finest hue discrimination at the long wavelength end of the visual spectrum. This is why red is so conspicuous to birds. Hummingbirds may also be able to see ultraviolet olors (Stiles 1981). The prevalence of ultraviolet patterns and nectar guides in nectar-poor entomophilous flowers allows the bird to avoid these flowers on sight. Two subfamilies in the family Trochilidae are Phaethorninae and Trochlinae. Each of these groups has evolved in conjunction with a particular set of flowers. Most Phaethorninae species are associated with large monocotyledonous herbs, and members of the subfamily Trochilinae are associated with dicotyledonous plant species.
Angracoid orchids and African moths
Another example of coevolution is pollination of Angraecoid orchids by African moths. These species coevolve because the moths are dependent on the flowers for nectar and the flowers are dependent on the moths to spread pollen so they can reproduce. The evolutionary process has led to deep flowers and moths with long probosci.
Old World Swallowtail and Fringed Rue
An example of Antagonistic Coevolution is the Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon) caterpillar which lives on Fringed Rue (Ruta chalepensis) plant. Rue plant produces etheric oils which repel plant-eating insects. The Old World Swallowtail caterpillar developed resistance to these poisonous substances, thus reducing competition of other plant-eating insects.
Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon) caterpillar on Fringed Rue (Ruta chalepensis) plant
Garter snake and Rough-skinned newt
Coevolution can occur between predator and prey species as in the case of the Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) and the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). In this case, the newts produce a potent nerve toxin that concentrates in their skin. Garter snakes have evolved resistance to this toxin through a set of genetic mutations, and prey upon the newts. The relationship between these animals has resulted in an evolutionary arms race that has driven toxin levels in the newt to extreme levels. This is an example of co-evolution because both organisms changed to better increase their chance of survival
California buckeye and pollinators
When bee-hives are kept whose bee species that have not coevolved with the California Buckeye, toxicity to aesculin, a neurotoxin present in the flower nectar of the Aesculus californica tree may be noted; this toxicity is only thought to be present in the case of honeybees and other insecta, which species did not coevolve with A. californica.
Acacia ant and Swollen thorn acacia tree
The ant provides protection for the tree against preying insects and other plants competing for sunlight, and the tree provides nourishment and shelter for the ant and the ants’ larvae.
Technological coevolution
Computer software and hardware can be considered as two separate components but tied intrinsically by coevolution. Similarly, operating systems and computer applications, web browsers and web applications. All of these systems depend upon each other and advance step by step through a kind of evolutionary process. Changes in hardware, an operating system or web browser may introduce new features that are then incorporated into the corresponding applications running alongside.
Bibliography
Michael Pollan The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-eye View of the World. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-6300-4. Account of the co-evolution of plants and humans
Dawkins, R. Unweaving the Rainbow and other books.
Geffeney, Shana L., et al. volutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator-prey interaction. Nature 434 (2005): 759763.
See also
Bak-Sneppen model
Character displacement
Co-adaptation
Coextinction
Modular evolution
Parallel evolution
Convergent evolution
Sexual conflict
Lynn Margulis
Technological evolution
Sympatric speciation, the creation of two or more species from an ancestor species based on something other than spatial divergence (i.e., geography).
References
^ Yip et al.; Patel, P; Kim, PM; Engelman, DM; McDermott, D; Gerstein, M (2008). “An integrated system for studying residue coevolution in proteins”. Bioinformatics 24 (2): 290292. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm584. PMID 18056067. http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/2/290.
^ Thompson 1994, pp. 2427
^ Darwin 1859, pp. 9495
^ Darwin 1862, pp. 14, 197203
^ Lod, Thierry (2007). La guerre des sexes chez les animaux, une histoire naturelle de la sexualit. Paris: Odile Jacob. ISBN 2738119018. http://www.amazon.fr/guerre-sexes-chez-animaux-naturelle/dp/2738119018.
^ Britt, Robert. “The New History of Black Holes: ‘Co-evolution’ Dramatically Alters Dark Reputation”. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/blackhole_history_030128-1.html.
^ G. S. van Doorn, F. J. Weissing (April 2002). “Ecological versus Sexual Selection Models of Sympatric Speciation: A Synthesis” (online, print). Selection (Budapest, Hungary: Akadmiai Kiad) 2 (1-2): 1740. doi:10.1556/Select.2.2001.1-2.3. ISSN 1585-1931. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.vu.nl%2Fthb%2Fcourse%2Fecol%2FDoorWeis2001.pdf&ei=3oqJSu-9ForCMNPMveAE&rct=j&q=%22F.+J.+WEISSING%22+%22ecological+versus+sexual+selection%22+selection&usg=AFQjCNFR94SKvw3yWaWVl-w-gq7ePeNh4A. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
^ a b Brown James H., Kodric-Brown Astrid (1979). “Convergence, Competition, and Mimicry in a Temperate Community of Hummingbird-Pollinated Flowers”. Ecology 60 (5): 10221035. doi:10.2307/1936870. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658(197910)60%3A5%3C1022%3ACCAMIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Stiles, F. Gary (1981). “Geographical Aspects of Bird Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America”. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68 (2): 323351. doi:10.2307/2398801. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-6493(1981)68:2%3C323:GAOBCW%3E2.0.CO;.
^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) California Buckeye: Aesculus californica, GlobalTwitcher.com, N. Stromberg ed.
^ National Geographic. “Acacia Ant Video”. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_acaciatree.html.
^ See also Acacia: Symbiosis
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species (1st ed.). London: John Murray. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Darwin, Charles (1862). On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. London: John Murray. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F800&pageseq=1. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Darwin, Charles (1877). The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects. London: John Murray. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F801&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Thompson, John L. (1994). The coevolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79760-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AyXPQzEwqPIC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Wallace+%22creation+by+law%22+Angr%C3%A6cum&source=bl&ots=rvzjyAL80w&sig=1Kjl6J3lm-4I0xoDDb_umU9anf8&hl=en&ei=qXppSsCoE-WrjAezxPSyCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Further reading
Futuyma, D. J. and M. Slatkin (editors) (1983). Coevolution. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. pp. 555 pp. ISBN 0878932283.
Thompson, J. N. (1994). The Coevolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 376 pp. ISBN 0226797597.
Categories: Evolutionary biology
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