Windows Server 2003 or Windows 2000 Server network environments
When sending data, every layer inside the OSI model places its personal data onto the data as it passes down the stack inside a method named encapsulation . Encapsulation requires spot when every layer adds its personal header and oftentimes trailer knowledge onto the data. When the data is received, it operates its way back up the protocol stack, as well as the corresponding layer of the protocol stack reads this info.
The Physical Layer
The Physical layer is accountable for utilizing electric (or from time to time other sorts of) signaling to acquire bits from a single computer mcsa certification
system to yet another. Physical layer components dont care what the bits mean ; their job is to get the bits from point A to point B, using whatever sort of optical, electrical, or wireless connection that connects the points. This level defines physical and electrical particulars, for example what will represent a 1 or a 0, how a great number of pins a network connector will have, and when the network adapter can or can not transmit the information (see Figure 1.2).
The Physical layer addresses all of the compact particulars of your actual physical connection amongst the computer plus the network medium, like the following:
Network connection sorts, like multipoint and point-to-point connections. Physical topologies, or how the network is physically laid out (as an example, bus, star, or ring).
Which analog and digital signaling methods are Mcitp
used to encode data in the analog and digital signals.
Bit synchronization, which deals with keeping the sender and receiver in sync as they read and write information.
Multiplexing, or the method of combining many data channels into one particular.
Termination, which prevents signals from reflecting back by means of the cable and causing signal and packet errors. It also indicates the last node inside a network segment.
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