Global spread of the printing press – slurry pump impeller – china Slurry Pump
Spread of the Gutenberg printing press
Germany
Gutenberg’s first major print work was the 42-line bible in Latin (B42), printed probably between 1452 and 1454 in the German city of Mainz. After Gutenberg lost a lawsuit against his investor Johann Fust, Fust put Gutenberg’s employee Peter Schffer in charge of the print shop. Thereupon Gutenberg established a new one with the financial backing of another money lender. With Gutenberg’s monopoly soon shattered, and the secrecy of the new technology compromised, printing spread throughout Germany and beyond, diffused first by emigrating German printers, but soon also by foreign apprentices.
Europe
In rapid succession, printing presses were set up in middle and western Europe. Major towns, in particular, functioned as centers of diffusion (Cologne 1466, Rome 1467, Venice 1469, Paris 1470, Cracow 1473, London 1477). In 1481, barely 30 years after the publication of the B42, the small Netherlands already featured printing shops in 21 cities and towns, while Italy and Germany each had shops in about 40 towns at that time. According to one estimate, “by 1500 1000 printing presses were in operation throughout Western Europe and had produced 8 million books.” Germany and Italy were considered the two main centres of printing in terms of quantity and quality.
Rest of the world
The near-simultaneous discovery of sea routes to the West (Christopher Columbus, 1492) and East (Vasco da Gama, 1498) and the subsequent establishment of trade links greatly facilitated the global spread of Gutenberg-style printing. Traders, colonists, but, perhaps most, missionaries exported printing presses to the new European oversea domains, setting up new print shops and distributing printing material. In the Americas, the first extra-European print shop was founded in Mexico City in 1544 (1539?), and soon after Jesuits started operating the first printing press in India (Goa, 1556).
For a long time however, printing presses remained mainly the business of Europeans working from within the confines of their colonies. Religious reasons seemed to be among the reasons for the slow adoption of the printing press by indigenous peoples. Thus, printing remained prohibited in the Ottoman empire between 1483 and 1727, initially even on penalty of death. In India, reports are that Jesuits “presented a polyglot Bible to the Emperor Akbar in 1580 but did not succeed in arousing much curiosity.” But also practical reasons seem to have played a role. The English East India Company, for example, brought a printer to Surat in 1675, but was not able to cast type in Indian scripts, so the venture failed. A notable exception was the adoption by the Cherokee Indian Elias Boudinot who published the tribe’s first newspaper Cherokee Phoenix partly in his native language, using the Cherokee alphabet recently invented by his compatriot Sequoyah.
The earliest printed books in the Middle east were six volumes printed in Hebrew in Safed, by Eliezer ben Isaac Ashkenazi between 1577 and 1587. In 1610, the first printing press in the Levant was produced in the Valley of Deir Mar Antonios Qozhaya in Ehden. The advent of the printing press invigorated the literary and intellectual renaissance in Lebanon. In 1733, printing using Arabic letters was first launched in Deir Mar Youhanna El Sayegh in Khonchara, Mount Lebanon. In 1834, a printing press founded by the American Protestant mission in Beirut became instrumental in disseminating information of this craft, and soon contributed to the launching of family-owned publishing houses. Around the 1970s, several printing presses emerged in Lebanon, such as Joseph D. Raidy Printing Press, today known as Raidy Printing Group s.a.l. In 2008, the first “printing city” in the Middle East is established in Fyadieh, next to Hazmieh.
In the 19th century, the arrival of the Gutenberg-style press to the shores of Tahiti (1818), Hawaii (1821) and other Pacific islands, marked the end of a global diffusion process which had begun almost 400 years earlier. At the same time, the ‘old style’ press (as the Gutenberg model came to be termed in the 19th century), was already in the process of being displaced by industrial machines like the steam powered press (1812) and the rotary press (1833).
Dates by location
The following represents a selection:
Germany, Austria and German printers in Central Europe
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1452-54
Mainz
Johannes Gutenberg, Peter Schffer, Johann Fust (investor)
Gutenberg Bible
Before 1462
Strasbourg
In 1605, Johann Carolus publishes the German Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished and commemorable news), recognized by the World Association of Newspapers as the first newspaper.
c. 1461
Bamberg
Albrecht Pfister, Johann Sensenschmid (from 1480)
Pfister: first woodcut book illustration c. 1461
1466
Cologne
Ulrich Zell
1468
Augsburg
Gnther Zainer
Lbeck
1488, Missale Aboense and other versions, first books for the Scandinavian and Finnish markets, by Bartholomeus Ghotan
Pilsen
1470
Nuremberg
Johann Sensenschmid, Johannes Regiomontanus (147275), Anton Koberger (14731513)
1471
Speyer
1473
Esslingen
Laugingen
Merseburg
Ulm
1475
Blaubeuren
”
Breslau (now Wrocaw)
Kasper Elyan of Glogau
Kasper’s print shop remained operational until 1483 with an overall output of 11 titles.
Burgdorf
Lbeck
Trento
1476
Rostock
1478
Eichsttt
Prague
1479
Wrzburg
Georg Reyser
1481
Leipzig
Andreas Friesner
1482
Vienna
Johann Winterburger
Munich
Johann Schauer
Erfurt
Passau
1483
Magdeburg
1485
Heidelberg
Regensburg
1486
Schleswig
Stephan Arndes
Stuttgart
Mnster
Brno
1491
Hamburg
Rest of Europe
Armenia
Main article: Armenian printing
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1771
Vagharshapat
Simeon I of Yerevan (Catholicoi of Armenia)
The first book was called (“Spiritual walking”). It was published in 1772.
Italy
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1465
Subiaco
Arnold Pannartz, Konrad Sweynheym
1467
Rome
Ulrich Hahn, Arnold Pannartz, Konrad Sweynheym (from 1467)
1469
Venice
Johann von Speyer, shortly afterwards Nikolaus Jenson from Tours, Aldus Manutius
Johann was granted a privilege for 5 years for movable type printing by the Senate, but died soon after. In 1501, Ottaviano Petrucci produced the first book of sheet music printed from movable type.
1470
Milan
Filippo de Lavagna, Antonio Zaroto, shortly afterwards Waldarfer von Regensburg
”
Naples
1471
Florence
Demetrius Damilas
Earliest printing in Greek
”
Genoa
”
Bologna
Probably in 1477, claimed to have the first engraved illustrations, although the 1476 Boccaccio edition by Colard Mansion in Bruges already had copper engravings
In the 15th century, printing presses were established in 77 Italian cities and towns. At the end of the following century, 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities, of which 130 (86%) were north of Rome. During these two centuries a total of 2894 printers were active in Italy, with only 216 of them located in southern Italy. Ca. 60% of the Italian printing shops were situated in six cities (Venice, Rome, Milan, Naples, Bologna and Florence), with the concentration of printers in Venice being particularly high (ca. 30%).
Switzerland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
Latest 1468
Basel
Berthold Ruppel
1470
Beromnster, Aargau
Helias Helye
1478
Geneva
Adam Steinschauwer
1504
Zrich
1577
Schaffhausen
1578
St. Gallen
1585
Fribourg
1664
Einsiedeln
Croatia
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1494
Senj
Bla Baromi
A glagolic printing press was established in Senj in 1494, which was one of the earliest printing press houses in southeast Europe. Two incunabues “The Glagolic Missal” and “Spovid opena” were printed at that time.
France
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1470
Paris
Ulrich Gering, Martin Crantz, Michael Friburger
Lyon
Guillaume le Roy, Buyer
1477
Angers
1478
Chablis
1479
Toulouse
Poitiers
1480
Caen
1481
Vienne
1483
Troyes
1484
Rennes
1486
Abbeville
1487
Rouen
Besanon
1490
Orlans
1491
Dijon
Angoulme
1493
Nantes
1495
Limoges
1496
Tours
1497
Avignon
1500
Perpignan
Apart from the cities above, there was a small number of lesser towns which set up printing presses.
The Netherlands
Date
City
Printer
Comment
c.1471
Utrecht
1477
Gouda
Gerard Leeu
Deventer
Richard Paffroad
Delft
Jacob Jacobzoon
1483
Haarlem
Jacob Bellaert
1500
Amsterdam
In 1481, printing was already done in 21 towns and cities.
Spain
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1472
Segovia
Johannes Parix
1473
Barcelona or Zaragoza
Heinrich Botel
1474
Valencia
1475
Zaragoza
Matthias Flander, Paul Hurus
1477
Seville
1478
Barcelona
first dated book
1496
Granada
Meinrad Ungut, Hans Pegnitzer
1499
Montserrat
Oldest publishing house in the world still running
Hungary
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1473
Buda
(now Budapest)
Andreas Hess?
The first work printed on Hungarian soil was the Latin history book Chronica Hungarorum published on 5 June 1473.
1561
Debrecen
The town becoming a stronghold of Calvinism in Hungary during the Reformation, the press was particularly active in service of the Calvinist cause.
In the 16th century, a total of 20 print shops were active in 30 different places in Hungary, as some of them were moving several times due to political instability.
Belgium
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1473
Aalst
Dirk Martens
1474
Leuven
Johann von Westphalen
1475
Bruges
Colard Mansion
Worked with, and (?) trained William Caxton, printing the first books in English (Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye) and also French, as well as the first book to use engravings for illustrations.
1476
Brussels
1480
Oudenaarde
Arend De Keysere
1482
Antwerp
Matt. Van der Goes
1483
Ghent
Arend De Keysere
Poland
see Early printing in Poland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1473
Cracow
Kasper Straube
The oldest printed work in Poland is the Latin Calendarium cracoviense (Cracovian Calendar), a single-sheet astronomical almanac for the year 1474. Although Straube continued to published in Cracow until 1477, printing became permanently established in Cracow, and Poland, only after 1503. In 1491, the first book in Cyrillic script was published by Schweipolt Fiol from Franconia. In 1513, Florian Ungler printed Hortulus Animae, the first book in the Polish language.
after 1490
Marienburg
Jakob Karweyse
Only two editions printed.
1537
Danzig (Gdask)
Franz Rhode
1538: Wisby’sches Waterrecht, 1540: Narratio Prima
1593
Lww
Matthias Bernhart
1625
Warsaw
In the 15th and 16th centuries printing presses were also established in Pozna, Lww, Brze Litewski and Wilno.
England
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1476
London
William Caxton, shortly afterwards John Lettou, William Machlinia, Wynkyn de Worde
The first dated prints in England are an indulgence dating to 13 December 1476 (date written in by hand), and the ‘Dicts or Sayings’, completed on 18 November 1477. Between 1472 and 1476, Caxton had already published several English works on the continent (see Bruges above).
1478
Oxford
Theoderich Rood
Denmark
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1482
Odense, Fune
Johann Snell
Snell was the first to introduce printing both in Denmark and Sweden.
1493
Copenhagen
Gottfried von Ghemen
Von Ghemen published in Copenhagen from 1493 to 1495 and from 1505 to 1510. In the meantime, he was active in the Dutch town of Leiden. For 200 years, official policy confined printing in Denmark largely to Copenhagen.
Sweden
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1483
Stockholm
Johann Snell
1495
Wadstena
1510
Upsala
Portugal
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1487
Faro
Samuel Gacon (also called Porteiro)
The country’s first printed book was the Hebrew Pentateuch, published by the Jew Samuel Gacon in southern Portugal, after having fled from the Spanish Inquisition.
1488
Chaves
Unknown
According to the German scholar Horch the Sacramental is the first book printed in Portuguese, and not Ludolphus de Saxonia’s Livro de Vita Christi of 1495 as previously assumed.
1489
Lissabon (Lisboa)
Rabbi Zorba, Raban Eliezer
1492
Leiria
1494
Braga
1536
Coimbra
1571
Vizeu
1583
Angra, Azoren
1622
Oporto
Serbia and Montenegro
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1493
Cetinje
ura IV Crnojevi, Makarije
ura IV Crnojevi (149096), ruler of Montenegro, is most famous for using the printing press brought to Cetinje by his father Ivan I Crnojevi to print the first books in southeastern Europe, in 1493. The Crnojevi printing press marked the beginning of the printed word among the southern Slavs. The press operated from 1493 through 1496, turning out religious books of which five have been preserved: Oktoih prvoglasnik, Oktoih petoglasnik, Psaltir, Molitvenik and etvorojevanelje (the first Bible in Serbian language). ura managed the printing of the books, wrote prefaces and afterwords, and developed sophisticated tables of Psalms with the lunar calendar. The books from the Crnojevi press were printed in two colors, red and black, and were richly ornamented. They served as models for many of the subsequent books printed in Cyrillic. The end of the 15th century and of Djuradj’s rule mark the end of the Crnojevi dynasty.
1552
Belgrade
Trojan Gunduli
etvorojevanelje, Serbulje
By 1500, the cut-off point for incunabula, 236 towns in Europe had presses, and it is estimated that twenty million books had been printed for a European population of perhaps seventy million.
Scotland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1507 (the earliest surviving item is dated 4 April 1508)
Sou Gait (now called the Cowgate), Edinburgh
Walter Chepman and Androw Myllar
William Elphinstone, the Bishop of Aberdeen, was anxious to get a breviary published (see Aberdeen Breviary), and petitioned King James IV to have a printing press set up. Myllar had previously been involved with printing in France, where Scots authors had traditionally had their books printed (see Auld Alliance). The earliest works were mainly small books (approximately 15 cm), but at least one book was printed in folio format, Blind Harry’s Wallace.
1552
St Andrews
John Scot
1571
Stirling
Robert Lekprevik
1622
Aberdeen
Edward Raban
1638
Glasgow
George Anderson
1651
Leith
Evan Tyler
1685
Campbeltown
unknown printer
1694
Maybole
unknown printer
Romania
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1508
Targoviste
Hieromonk Makarije
Macarie is brought into Wallachia by the prince Radu cel Mare. The first printed book in Romania is made in 1508, Liturghierul. Octoihul is also printed in 1510, and Evangheliarul is printed in 1512
1534
Braov
1545
Targoviste
Dimitrie Liubavici
Mostly religious books are printed, among them being Molitvelnic. Interestingly, books printed in Wallachia were also reprinted for use in Moldavia, which at the time did not have its own press.
1550
Cluj-Napoca
Greece
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1515
Saloniki
1817
Corfu
Greek books were published in Italy and the Ottoman Empire, especially in Constantinople and Smyrna by Greeks from the 15th Century onwards.
Lithuania
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1522
Vilnius
Francysk Skaryna
The Little Travel Guide
1575
Vilnius
Pro sacratisisima Eucharistia… Typis academiae Societatis Jesu Vilnensis
Iceland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
ca. 1530
Holar
Jon Matthiasson (Swede)
Press imported on the initiative of Bishop Jon Arason. First known local print is the Latin songbook Breviarium Holense of 1534.
Norway
Date
City
Printer
Comment
mid-16th century
Trondheim
1644
Oslo
Ireland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1551
?
Humphrey Powell
Russia
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1553-4
Moscow
Unknown
According to recent research, the Gospel Book and six others published then.
1564
Moscow
Ivan Fyodorov (printer)
Acts of the Apostles (Apostol) is the first dated book printed in Russia.
1711
St Petersburg
1815
Astrachan
Until the reign of Peter the Great printing in Russia remained confined to the print office established by Fedorov in Moscow. In the 18th century, annual printing output gradually rose from 147 titles in 1724 to 435 (1787), but remained constrained by state censorship and widespread illiteracy.
Turkey
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1554
Bursa
1727
Constantinople
Ibrahim Efendi
Due to religious qualms, Sultan Bayezid II and successors prohibited printing in Arabic script in the Ottoman empire from 1483 on penalty of death, but printing in other scripts was done by Jews as well as the Greek and Armenian communities (1515 Saloniki, 1554 Bursa (Adrianople), 1552 Belgrade, 1658 Smyrna). In 1727, Sultan Achmed III gave his permission for the establishment of the first legal print house for printing Arabic script.
Latvia
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1588
Riga
Nikolaus Mollin
Finland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1642
Turku
Peder Wald (Swede)
The earliest books in Finnish language were printed in Germany and Sweden. The first print shop was established at the first university of Finland, The Royal Academy of Turku. In 1758 the printer J.C. Frenckell bought a share of the print shop. The Frenckell family was in business until 2008.
1689
Vyborg
Finland was under Swedish sovereignty until 1809, and under Russian rule until 1917.
Georgia
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1701
Tbilisi
Greenland
Date
City
Printer
Comment
1860
Godthaab
Rest of the world
Latin America
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comment
1539
Mexico City
Mexico
Juan Pablos of Brescia at the House of the First Print Shop in the Americas.
Established by the archbishop Juan de Zumrraga, using Juan Cromberger from Seville, the first book printed was Breve y Mas Compendiosa Doctrina Christina. Between 1539 and 1600 presses produced 300 editions, and in the following century 2,007 editions were printed. In the 16th century, more than 31% of locally produced imprints were in native Indian languages, mostly religious texts and grammars or vocabularies of Amerindian languages. In the 17th century, this rate dropped to 3% of total output.
1581
Lima
Peru
Presses produced 1,106 titles between 1584 and 1699.
1640
Puebla
Mexico
1660
Guatemala City
Guatemala
1700
Jesuit mission of Paraguay
Paraguay
Established with local materials by local Guaran workers who had converted to Christianity.
1707
Havana
Cuba
1736
Bogot
Colombia
1759
Quito
Ecuador
1776
Santiago de Chile
Chile
Press functioned only briefly. In 1812 permanently established.
1780
Buenos Aires
Argentina
1807
Montevideo
Uruguay
1808
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
1808
Caracas
Venezuela
1810
Valparaso
Chile
Africa
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comment
1494
So Tom and Prncipe
Valentin (of Moravia)
Early German printers refers to
1516
Fez
Morocco
Jewish
refugees who had worked for the printer Rabbi Eliezer Toledano in Lisbon
As early as 16th century
Mozambique
Portuguese
Luanda
Angola
Portuguese
Malindi
Kenya
Portuguese
1795
Cape Town
South Africa
JC Ritter
German
“Almanach voor’t jaar 1796”
1798
Cairo
Egypt
French
c.1825
Madagascar
1833
Mauritius
1855
Scheppmansdorf
(now: Rooibank)
Namibia
Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt
On 29 June 1855, Protestant missionary Kleinschmidt published 300 copies of Luther’s catechism in the Nama language which represent the first printed works in that tongue. Political unrest seems to have prevented further printing activities. The press was reported as being functional as late as 1868, but whether printing was resumed is unknown.
South Asia
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comments
1550
Goa
India
Jesuits
1569
Tranquebar
India
London Missionary Company
1737
?
Sri Lanka
1772
Madras
India
1779
Calcutta
India
Charl. Wilkins
1662
Bombay
India
(Sort order or date incorrect)
South East Asia
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comments
1590
Manila
Philippines
1668
Batavia
Indonesia
1818
Sumatra Island
Indonesia
East Asia
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comment
1590
Nagasaki
Japan
Alessandro Valignano
The Jesuits in Nagasaki established The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan and printed a number of books in romanised Japanese language.
1883
Seoul
Korea
Inoue Kakugoro (Japanese)
The first printing press was imported from Japan for publishing Korea’s first Korean-language newspaper Hansong Sunbo. After the press was destroyed by conservatists, Inoue returned with a new one from Japan, reviving the paper as a weekly under the name Hansong Chubo. Presses were also established in Seoul in 1885, 1888 and 1891 by Western missionaries. However, the earliest printing press was apparently introduced by the Japanese in the treaty port of Pusan in 1881 to publish Korea’s first newspaper, the bilingual Chosen shinpo.
Inner Asia
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comments
1637
Isfahan
Iran
Armenians of New Julfa
1820
Tehran
Iran
Tabriz
Iran
North America
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comments
1638
Cambridge
USA
Stephen Daye, Samuel Green (from 1649)
1686
Philadelphia
USA
W. Bradford
1693
New York City
USA
W. Bradford
1735
Germantown
USA
Christoph Sauer
1752
Halifax
Canada
John Bushell
The Halifax Gazette, Canada’s first newspaper was published initially in this year.
1764
Quebec City
Canada
The Gazette du Quebec, Quebec’s first newspaper was published initially in this year.
1793
Toronto
Canada
The Upper Canada Gazette (government sanctioned newspaper).
1828
New Echota, Arkansas
USA
Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)
Boudinot published the Cherokee Phoenix as first newspaper of the tribe.
1846
San Francisco
USA
1853
Oregon
USA
1858
Vancouver Island
Canada
Australia & Oceania
Date
City
Country
Printer
Comments
1795
?
Australia
1802
Sydney
Australia
George Howe
1818
Hobart, Tasmania
Australia
1818
Tahiti
French Polynesia
1821
Hawaii
Kingdom of Hawaii
1836
Maui
Kingdom of Hawaii
See also
Editio princeps
History of printing
History of the book
Johannes Gutenberg
Printing
Printing press
References
^ E. L. Eisenstein: The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 1993 pp.1317, quoted in: Angus Maddison: Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of Modernity, Washington 2005, p.17f.
^ a b Angus Maddison: Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of Modernity, Washington 2005, p.65
^ Raidy Printing Group s.a.l
^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition, 18881890, entry ‘Buchdruckerkunst (Ausbreitung der Erfindung)’. All data not otherwise marked comes from this source.
^ World Association of Newspapers: “Newspapers: 400 Years Young!”
^ a b c d Fernand Braudel, “Civilization & Capitalism, 15-18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life”, William Collins & Sons, London 1981
^ a b c Wieslaw Wydra, “Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475-1520”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88-94 (89)
^ a b c d e Erik Dal, “Bcher in dnischer Sprache vor 1600”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.37-46 (37)
^ http://ermeni.org/ermenice/vagharshapat_uni.htm
^ a b c d e f g h Gedeon Borsa, “Druckorte in Italien vor 1601”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 1976 (1976), pp.311-314 (313)
^ Helmut Schippel: Die Anfnge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig, in: Uta Lindgren (Hrsg.): Europische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4th ed., Berlin 2001, p.540f. ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
^ David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, p241, 1996, ISBN 0300068832
^ Muse des Arts et Mtiers, Paris
^ Gedeon Borsa, “Druckorte in Italien vor 1601”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 1976 (1976), pp.311-314 (314)
^ Gedeon Borsa, “Drucker in Italien vor 1601”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 1977 (1977), pp.166-169
^ a b Gedeon Bursa, “Die volkssprachigen Drucke im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert in Ungarn”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.104-108 (104)
^ a b c Gedeon Bursa, “Die volkssprachigen Drucke im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert in Ungarn”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.104-108 (107)
^ “Dirk Martens Website” (in Dutch). http://users.telenet.be/projectsara/dirkmartens.htm.
^ Wieslaw Wydra, “Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475-1520”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88-94 (88)
^ a b c Wieslaw Wydra, “Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475-1520”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88-94 (88f.)
^ a b c The European Library
^ a b Normann F. Blake, “Dating the First Books Printed in English”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 1978 (1978), pp.43-50 (43)
^ Erik Dal, “Bcher in dnischer Sprache vor 1600”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.37-46 (37f.)
^ a b Rosemarie Erika Horch, “Zur Frage des ersten in portugiesischer Sprache gedruckten Buches”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.125-134 (125)
^ a b c d Rosemarie Erika Horch, “Zur Frage des ersten in portugiesischer Sprache gedruckten Buches”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.125-134 (132)
^ “Scottish Book Trade Index (SBTI)”. National Library of Scotland. http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/resources/sbti/mearn_miller.html. Retrieved 2008-03-30. “”In September 1507, with Walter Chepman, [Andrew Myllar] received letters patent from James IV of Scotland allowing them to set up the first printing-press in Scotland.””
^ “1508 – Earliest dated Scottish book”. National Library of Scotland. http://www.nls.uk/scotlandspages/timeline/1508.html. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
^ “500 Years of Scottish Printing”. Scottish Printing Archival Trust. http://www.scottishprintarchive.org/info.php?id=12&page=3. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
^ “The Spread of Scottish Printing”. National Library of Scotland. http://www.nls.uk/printing/towns.cfm. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
^ I. Bianu, Psaltirea Scheiana, Bucharest, 1889
^ Istoria Romaniei, Vol II, p. 684
^ Gedeon Bursa, “Die volkssprachigen Drucke im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert in Ungarn”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.104-108 (106)
^ a b Gudrun Kvaran, “Die Anfnge der Buchdruckerkunst in Island und die islndische Bibel von 1584”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 72 (1997), pp.140-147 (140)
^ a b Klaus Appel, “Die Anfnge des Buchdrucks in Russland in der literaturfhigen Nationalsprache”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.95-103 (95)
^ Klaus Appel, “Die Anfnge des Buchdrucks in Russland in der literaturfhigen Nationalsprache”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.95-103 (97)
^ Klaus Appel, “Die Anfnge des Buchdrucks in Russland in der literaturfhigen Nationalsprache”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 62 (1987), pp.95-103 (96ff.)
^ The National Library of Finland
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hensley C. Woodbridge & Lawrence S. Thompson, “Printing in Colonial Spanish America”, Troy, N.Y., Whitson Publishing Company, 1976, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, “The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America”, Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277-305 (278)
^ a b “Margarete Rehm: Information und Kommunikation in Geschichte und Gegenwart” (in German). http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm4.html.
^ Magdalena Chocano Mena, “Colonial Printing and Metropolitan Books: Printed Texts and the Shaping of Scholarly Culture in New Spain: 15391700”, Colonial Latin American Historical Review 6, No. 1 (1997): 7172, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, “The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America”, Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277-305 (296)
^ Magdalena Chocano Mena, “Colonial Printing and Metropolitan Books: Printed Texts and the Shaping of Scholarly Culture in New Spain: 15391700”, Colonial Latin American Historical Review 6, No. 1 (1997): 73&76, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, “The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America”, Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277-305 (279)
^ Pedro Guibovich, “The Printing Press in Colonial Peru: Production Process and Literary Categories in Lima, 15841699”, Colonial Latin American Review 10, No. 2 (2001): 173, quoted in: Hortensia Calvo, “The Politics of Print: The Historiography of the Book in Early Spanish America”, Book History, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 277-305 (296)
^ John Man, The Gutenberg revolution, London, 2002, Header Book Publishing
^ Ferdinand Geldner, Die Deutschen Inkunabeldrucker, Vol. 2, Stuttgart, 1070
^ , History of Science-Printing, http://www.historyofscience.com/G2I/timeline/index.php/index.php?category=Printing, accessed 2009/05/04
^ , “South Africa in Print”, Book Exhibition Committee van Riebeeck Festival, Cape Town, (1952), facing p.157 p.160
^ , “Early Cape Printing 1796-1802”, South African Library Reprint Series, No. 1, South African Library, Cape Town, (1971)
^ SH Steinberg, “Five Hundred Years of Printing”, Pengiun Books, Middlesex, (1955) 2nd ed. 1961, p.214
^ a b Walter Moritz, “Die Anfnge des Buchdrucks in Sdwestafrika/Namibia”, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Vol. 1979 (1979), pp.269-276
^ a b Melvin McGovern, “Early Western Presses in Korea”, Korea Journal, 1967, pp.21-23
^ Albert A. Altman, “Korea’s First Newspaper: The Japanese Chosen shinpo”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4. (Aug., 1984), pp. 685-696
Further reading
On the effects of Gutenberg’s printing
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 pages, ISBN 0-521-29955-1
Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) Univ. of Toronto Press (1st ed.); reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul ISBN 0-7100-1818-5.
Febvre, Lucien & Martin, Henri-Jean. (1990) The Coming of the Book: the impact of printing 14501800. Verso, London & New York. ISBN 0-86091-797-5
External links
Centre for the History of the Book
Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition, 18881890
Categories: History of printing | Printing | Incunabula
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