Flatbed editor – Bandage manufacturer – china medical crutch
Process
Preparation
Most films are shot double-system: the picture is shot on film while the sound is recorded separately. For convenience during the editing process, the sound is transferred to a magnetic track (“mag”)procketed recording tape, which is filmstock coated with magnetic oxide instead of photo-sensitive emulsion. One “frame” on the mag tap equals one frame of picture. The Mag is usually edge-coded: sequential numbers are stamped on the edge every few frames to facilitate locating particular frames or scenes.
Synching
Since picture and sound are usually recorded separately, the editor must synchronize them. The editor loads one picture roll onto a film plate and its corresponding Mag roll onto a sound plate. Then they advance the film to find the frame where the two parts of the Clapperboard came together. The editor repeats the process on the Mag roll to find the frame with the clap sound. Once found, they mark the frame on both rolls as the sync point, and switch the flatbed to Interlock mode. From then on, both picture and sound rolls advance or reverse by exactly the same amount to maintain synch.
Editing
When the editor finds a point to cut one shot into another, they mark it on both picture and sound rolls, then make the cut and splice in the next shot.
History
One of the first and most popular film editing machines was the Moviola. With it, one could manage a thousand-foot eleven-minute 35mm roll. It was difficult to use compared to later machines because it did not have high-speed operation. European flatbeds came into more common use in the United States during the 1970s, although never completely replacing the Moviola.
By the mid-1990s, flatbeds were increasingly replaced by computer-based non-linear systems such as Avid and Lightworks. As of 2007, some film schools still use flatbed editors for their educational value. Feature films in the United States now use electronic non-linear systems almost exclusively.
Brands
The two most common brands of flatbed editor, Steenbeck and K.-E.-M. (Keller-Elektro-Mechanik), were invented in Germany in the 1930s. There are also the Italian Prvost, the Dutch Oude Delft or Oldelft, the French Atlas as well as Moritone flatbeds. The U.K. produced the LEM, and America the Moviola flatbed and the exclusively 16mm Showchron of which approximately 400 were produced in 4. 6 or 8 plate configurations, 6 being the most common. (A few 35mm Showchrons were built, but never sold commercially.)
All these machines, with the exception of the Moviola flatbed, employ a rotating prism rather than the “Maltese Cross” or geneva drive intermittent mechanism first used by the American upright Moviola, and continued to be employed with that company’s flatbeds. The rotating prism allows the editor to move the film smoothly and continuously, reducing mechanical noise and film wear. It also makes high-speed operation feasible, and some machines can move the film at up to ten times standard speed. The trade-off for these advantages is a slight smearing of the image compared to the Moviola. The KEM Universal, which has a modular construction, supports up to three picture heads and up to three sound tracks.
See also
Film editing
Film splicer
Categories: Film editingHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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