Crown Corporations Of Canada
Structure
In Canada, Crown corporations, within either the federal or provincial sphere, are technically operated by the Canadian monarch, as the institution’s sole shareholder, either as the Monarch-in-Right-of-Canada or the Monarch-in-Right-of-[Province]. This follows the legal premise that the Crown, as an institution, owns all the property of government at the federal and provincial level. In practice, however, most Crown corporations operate at arm’s length from the government, with direct government control only being exerted over the corporation’s budget and the appointment of its chairperson and directors through Order-in-Council.
History
The earliest Crown corporations in Canada date to early European settlement by Scotland, England and France. Much of the colonial territory was de facto settled and governed by the appointed managers of the corporations, often themselves called Governors. The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, between 1610 and 1728.
The Hudson’s Bay Company coat of arms.
Perhaps Canada’s most famous, and influential, Crown corporation was the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), founded on May 2, 1670, by Royal Charter of King Charles II (although HBC is not, and never has been, government owned). The HBC became the world’s largest land owner, at one point overseeing 7,770,000 km (3,000,000 square miles), territories that today incorporate the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, as well as Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon. The HBC thus often being the point of first contact between the colonial government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Rupert’s Land and became a fully privatised company. During the earlier part of the century, many British North American colonies that now comprise the Canadian federation had Crown corporations, often in the form of railways, such as the Nova Scotia Railway, since there was limited private capital available for such endeavours.
At the same time as the HBC was declining in influence and power, other Crown corporations were growing in its place. One of the most significant of that era was the Canadian National Railway (CNR), which spawned Air Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), VIA Rail, and Marine Atlantic. Today, Canada Post Corporation is an example of a functional department being realigned into a Crown corporation, while the Business Development Bank of Canada and Export Development Canada are modern examples of Crown corporations.
The importance of Crown corporations in the economy has declined in recent years, as a number of significant privatizations have occurred, particularly at the federal level. The heyday of government use of Crown corporations was the period from Confederation (the Intercolonial Railway being the first federal Crown corporation) through 1988 (the privatization of Air Canada).
List of Canadian Crown corporations
Federal
Atlantic Pilotage Authority
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)
Bank of Canada
Blue Water Bridge Authority
Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC)
Canada Council for the Arts (Canada Council)
Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation
Canada Development Investment Corporation
Canada Lands Company Limited
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Canada Pension Plan Investment Board
Canada Post Corporation
Canada Science and Technology Museum Corporation
Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA)
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
Canadian Commercial Corporation
Canadian Dairy Commission
Canadian Film Development Corporation (Telefilm Canada)
Canadian Museum of Civilization
Canadian Museum of Nature
Canadian Race Relations Foundation
Canadian Tourism Commission
Cape Breton Development Corporation
Cape Breton Growth Fund Corporation
Defence Construction Limited
Enterprise Cape Breton Corporation
Export Development Canada
Farm Credit Canada
Federal Bridge Corporation Limited
Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation
Great Lakes Pilotage Authority
International Development Research Centre
Laurentian Pilotage Authority
Marine Atlantic Inc.
National Arts Centre
National Capital Commission
National Film Board of Canada
National Gallery of Canada
National Museum of Science and Technology
Old Port of Montreal Corporation Inc.
Pacific Pilotage Authority
Parc Downsview Park Inc.
Public Sector Pension Investment Board
Ridley Terminals Inc.
Royal Canadian Mint
Standards Council of Canada
VIA Rail Canada Inc.
Provincial
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Alberta
Alberta Investment Management
ATB Financial
Agriculture Financial Services Corporation
British Columbia
BC Ferries (formed in 1960 taking over most of the assessments of the Black Ball)
BC Hydro (formed in 1961 taking over the assets of the British Columbia Electric Railway)
BC Pension Corporation
BC Investment Management Corporation
Homeowner Protection Office
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (formed in 1973)
Royal British Columbia Museum
Tourism British Columbia (formed in 1997)
Knowledge
BC Assessment
British Columbia Lottery Corporation
Manitoba
Manitoba Hydro
Manitoba Lotteries Corporation (MLC)
Manitoba Liquor Control Commission (MLCC)
Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation
New Brunswick
Atlantic Lottery Corporation
NB Power
New Brunswick Liquor Corporation
Service New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador
Nalcor Energy
Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation
Nova Scotia
Art Gallery of Nova Scotia
Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission
InNOVAcorp
Nova Scotia Agricultural College (though currently a department of the Department of Agriculture, it is currently in the process of transformation to a crown corporation by 2011.)
Nova Scotia Arts Council
Nova Scotia Beef Commission
Nova Scotia Business Incorporated
Nova Scotia Crop and Livestock Insurance Commission
Nova Scotia Farm Loan Board
Nova Scotia Film Development Corporation
Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation
Nova Scotia Harness Racing Incorporated
Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation (NSLC)
Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation (NSMFC)
Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation
Nova Scotia Resources Limited
Rockingham Terminal Inc.
Sydney Environmental Resources Limited
Sydney Steel Corporation
Tidal Power Corporation
Trade Centre Limited
Waterfront Development Corporation Limited
Ontario
Hydro One (successor of Ontario Hydro)
Independent Electricity System Operator (successor of Ontario Hydro)
Liquor Control Board of Ontario
Metrolinx (also responsible for the operation of GO Transit)
Municipal Property Assessment Corporation
Ontario Agricorp
Ontario Clean Water Agency
Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
Ontario Northland Transportation Commission
Ontario Place
Ontario Science Centre
Science North
TFO
TVOntario
Quebec
Bibliothque et Archives nationales du Qubec
Hydro-Qubec
Socit des alcools du Qubec
Socit de l’assurance automobile du Qubec
Socit de transport de Montral
Tl-Qubec
Loto-Qubec
Saskatchewan
Crown Investments Corporation
Information Services Corporation
Investment Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority
Saskatchewan Government Insurance
Saskatchewan Transportation Company
SaskEnergy
SaskPower
SaskTel
SaskWater
SCN
Territorial
Northwest Territories Power Corporation
Qulliq Energy
Yukon Energy Corporation
Privatized ex-Crown corporations
See also: Category:Former Crown corporations of Canada and List of privatizations
Several private Canadian companies were once Crown corporations, including:
Air Canada (privatized in 1988)
Alberta Government Telephones (Now Telus Communications)
British Columbia Electric Railway (private company from 1891 to 1961 when it was nationalized and formed into BC Hydro before the rail portion was sold in 1989)
BCRail
BC Rail Communications (formed in 1972 and sold in 1993 as Westel)
Cameco Corporation
Canadair (formed as a Crown Corp in 1944, privatized in 1946, acquired by government in 1976, privatized in 1986)
Canadian National Railway
de Havilland Canada (formed as a private company in 1928, nationalized during World War 2, privatized in 1986)
Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited (Part of Cameco Corporation)
Highway 407 ETR
Intercolonial Railway (merged in Canadian National Railway in 1918)
Manitoba Telephone System (Now MTS Allstream)
Nova Scotia Power (formed in 1918, privatized in 1992)
Petro-Canada
Polymer Corporation
Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (PCS)
Saskatchewan Government Airways
Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation (Part of Cameco Corporation)
Teleglobe (formed in 1950, privatized in 1987)
Wascana Energy
See also
Canada Development Corporation
Structure of the Canadian federal government
Nationalization
Executive Agency
References
^ Galbraith, John S. (1957). The Hudson’s Bay Company As An Imperial Factor 1821-1869. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2001 Annual Report To Parliament – Crown Corporations and Other Corporate Interests of Canada
Canadian Heritage Performance Report; March 31, 1998
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2007 Annual Report to Parliament – Crown Corporations and other Corporate Interests of Canada
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