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Japanese rivers have also taken the approach of the hierarchical management, river training costs and management cost-sharing provisions: the importance of the river and its impact size and other factors, a hierarchy. A river management by the national authorities in charge of by the Minister of Construction; other rivers by the prefectural heads of management. The national management of the river required the construction management costs, in principle, by the central government burden, if they are local requirements project, the cost borne by the central l/3- l / 2. Local governments required for management of rivers, construction, management costs, in principle,juicy couture outlet, by the burden on local governments, according to the need to apply for state subsidies. Tolls damaged public facilities, where the local government should be immediately after the disaster in tissue repair, without the project application, the cost-sharing by relevant laws and regulations. Irrigation and drainage facilities according to their size and technical ease by the national, prefectural governments, municipal government and land improvement areas for construction. Depending on the construction project the main, is classified as a different project, implemented by the State known as State Project, Du Road, implemented by prefectural governments called zones is called the Generally speaking, the benefit of farmland in the state-run projects in more than 3000 hectares, less than 3000 hectares, more than 200 hectares, for all prefectures camp project.

Government’s commitment to investment in irrigation and water conservancy main responsibility. Throughout the world, water conservancy investment in farmland water conservancy is an important part of the rural infrastructure, the quasi-public good characteristics can not completely rely on the market to meet the project’s investment, and investment in water projects, gains a long period of government in water conservancy investment system dominant position.

investment in government-led

the Indian Constitution provides for the exploitation of water resources and flood control by the state is responsible for the central government is responsible for coordinating technical advice and federal watershed development, irrigation works by the Federal Planning, construction and management. Minor Works 1/3, the central government and local government investment by the central government and local governments each bear half. Flood control projects by the central government investment, and do not recover their investment. The small-scale irrigation projects by the central government and local government allocated a total investment of the l / 6 or so, generally do not need to repay, the use of sprinkler and drip irrigation and other water-saving type of technical small-scale projects, the government has also given a subsidy of 25% -50%.

Japan’s central government, local governments, farmers and project owners, the central government and local governments only for water conservancy public welfare to a large number of inputs, rather than public welfare undertakings of water conservancy projects to market, project owners burden, the government provides certain subsidies. Although the operating principle of such a water conservancy capital investment in Japan is still based on central and local funds dominate, and the water conservancy investment in all kinds of public welfare investment has been in the top. Japan Water Resources Development Corporation is largely dependent on government funds long-term loans.

In the United States, the key projects of agricultural irrigation, rural water supply project is generally 50 percent of the federal government grants, the remaining 50% by local officials, the local part is usually in charge of tax expenditures or government guaranteed preferential loans. Backward areas, the federal government to adopt the way of grants or zero interest loans to be funded. Federal law requires that a project grant shall not exceed 75% of the total project investment, the actual operation of 50%. The cost of the irrigation project feasibility study, design and other technical aspects, all supported by the federal government.

Water Funds investment entities in

social capital is broad participation

investment in water projects more than 60 percent of financial investment from all levels of government. The huge government investment needs in water powers, divided between all levels of government in accordance with the responsibilities under the jurisdiction of the gradual decomposition of the financial pressure. The federal government is mainly responsible for the governance of the rivers and interstate rivers state local governments are mainly responsible for the governance of small and medium-sized rivers. Public projects by the federal government is responsible for flood control and improve the ecological environment in terms of flood prevention and rescue, flood once in more than a decade by all levels of government funding, hydropower, flood projects to market-sharing by beneficiaries of the investment to build. Water powers of the division of the implementation of investment-sharing investments. Flood control projects are mainly responsible for the state government. For larger projects, the state government to lobby the public, access to capital to ensure that senators approved by the Congress, 65 percent of the burden on the federal government, places the burden of 35%. According to the Flood Control Act, the Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for the national flood control work.

all levels of government is a clear division of powers and expenditure responsibilities. Many countries to adopt a clear investment principles of the subject and the division of powers in the construction of water conservancy facilities, at different times, choose a different investment focus.

Overall, irrigation and water conservancy investment model generally dominated the government, according to the nature of investment projects will broaden financing channels. The principle of Clear government investment entities, while levels of shared responsibility and investment obligations.

most countries by the government is responsible for the development of water resources planning watershed or river system, the government is also responsible for the preparation of a variety of professional planning, such as flood control and irrigation, urban water, groundwater exploitation, water conservation and soil conservation such as planning. In the UK, planning according to the target object is divided into national, watershed, regional and local level by the corresponding government departments responsible for the different levels. The approval process for water-related planning approval required to be submitted to the government departments involved in water supply, environment, natural resources, agriculture, trade, departments, these departments will hold a public hearing, the consultants’ views and comments. Although the procedures are very complicated, but to ensure that water resources planning and management work of democracy, science and rigor.

generally established social participation. Many countries use a number of water conservancy water supply, irrigation, power generation, tourism, soil and water conservation, and a number of effective features to attract the beneficiaries to participate in the investment and management, investors and managers have the right to enjoy the benefits. Social participation is still a clear division of public interest and public good characteristics of water projects for the premise of non-public service projects, government subsidies, loans of less than public projects. On this basis, given the social forces to participate in water conservancy construction of more space and opportunities, and provide convenient channels for the project construction unit financing, part of the financial funds to lend to non – public water projects through the market compensation for the use.

The Water Project construction unit,

the United States can be authorized by the government to issue tax-exempt bonds, bond interest rates are generally higher than bank interest rates, repayment period of 20 years to 30 years. For obvious economic benefits of water conservancy projects, the development agencies in the form of stock issued to the society and raised in the form of raised part of the water funds. Nonprofit water projects in the United States, raised the proportion of 20-40%. In addition, it also allows social organizations or individuals to donate. French river basin management institutions will be a number of water conservancy projects leased to private companies. These practices have contributed to the rising proportion of private investment in water projects. At present,juicy couture laptop cases bags, many countries around the world to actively encourage and promote private capital into the construction of water infrastructure and coordinated use of government funds and private capital can not only ease the Government’s fiscal pressure, and may play a competitive advantage of private capital, to reduce investment risk, increase investment and The purpose of operational efficiency. In the construction of farmland water conservancy facilities involved, and the low efficiency of agricultural production and agricultural industry as a whole yield is not high risk, long cycle characteristics, and therefore to develop appropriate laws and regulations to take the way of incentives to expand private investment as well as leading investment services to agriculture and their own profit bumper need some positive attempts.

EU to give a different intensity of the subsidy according to the nature of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy facilities projects, in principle, is a strong public goods nature of the project to give the subsidy intensity. The maximum subsidy of up to 80% of the project budget, water conservation and irrigation equipment of the private nature of the subsidy rate of 25% -40%.